Highway crash cushion and components thereof

ABSTRACT

A highway crash cushion includes a single, central, rigid, guide tail that guides the crash cushion in axial collapse. Diaphragm assemblies are each provided with recessed legs, and a central guide that slides along the rail while locking against the rail in a lateral collision. The diaphragm assemblies support fender panels that include four longitudinally extending ridges, a central slot, and a tapered trailing edge that reduces vehicle snagging. Energy absorbing elements are disposed between the diaphragm assemblies, and each includes an indicator that clearly indicates when the element has been compressed and possibly damaged.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to improvements to a highway crash cushionof the type having an array of diaphragms, a plurality of energyabsorbing elements disposed between the diaphragms, and an array offender panels extending alongside the diaphragms.

Highway crash cushions of this general type have proven to be successfulin a wide variety of applications. Walker U.S. Pat. No. 3,982,734describes one early version of such a crash cushion, and Meinzer U.S.Pat No. 4,321,989 discloses another. Typically, such crash cushions areused alongside highways in front of obstructions such as concrete walls,toll booths and the like.

In the event of an axial impact, the crash cushion is designed to absorbthe kinetic energy of an impacting vehicle as the crash cushioncollapses axially. In such an axial collapse, the diaphragms move closerto one another, the fender panels telescope over one another, and theenergy absorbing elements are compressed. After such a collision many ofthe component parts can be reused by repositioning the diaphragms andfender panels in the original position, and replacing the energyabsorbing elements and other damaged components.

The performance of such a highway crash cushion in lateral rather thanaxial impacts is also significant. When an impacting vehicle strikes thefender panels obliquely, it is desirable that the crash cushion act as aguard rail, which redirects the impacting vehicle without sending itback into traffic at a steep angle, and without allowing the impactingvehicle to move into the region on the other side of the crash cushionprotected by the crash cushion.

Another aspect of such crash cushions is the need for simple maintenanceand repair. Typically, such crash cushions are positioned alongside ahigh speed roadway, and it is therefore important to minimize trafficdisruption and to minimize exposure of maintenance personnel to thehazards of adjacent traffic in maintenance and repair procedures.

In view of the foregoing operational and maintenance requirements forcrash cushions, there is a need for an improved crash cushion thatprovides increased rigidity in a lateral impacts impact that deceleratesan impacting vehicle in a more controlled manner in a lateral impact,both when the vehicle is moving along the fender panels in a forward andin a reverse direction, and to provide a crash cushion which is simplerto install and easier to maintain.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a number of separate improvementsto a highway crash cushion of the type defined initially above. Theseimprovements are preferably used together as described below. It shouldbe clearly understood, however, that these improvements can be usedseparately from one another and in various subcombinations inalternative applications.

According to a first aspect of this invention, a highway crash cushionof the type described above is provided with a single rail disposedunder the crash cushion and anchored to a support surface. A pluralityof guides are is provided, each coupled to a respective one of thediaphragms and each substantially centered with respect to therespective diaphragm. The guides are mounted to the rail to slide alongthe rail in an axial impact, and to restrict movement of the diaphragmswith respect to the rail in both lateral directions. The rail issubstantially centered with respect to the diaphragms, thereby reducingany tendency of an impacting vehicle to snag on the rail. Furthermore,since a single, centered rail is used, installation is simplified.

According to a second aspect of this invention, a highway crash cushionas described above includes an improved diaphragm assembly. Eachdiaphragm assembly includes an upper part that comprises a diaphragmadapted to apply compressive loads to an adjacent energy absorbingelement, and a lower part secured to the upper part. The lower partcomprises a leg assembly comprising an upper portion mounted to supportthe upper part, a lower portion, two side portions and a centerlineextending between the side portions. Each lower portion is connected totwo feet shaped to support the leg assembly on a support surface. Thefeet extend outwardly from the respective leg assembly, away from thecenterline, such that the feet are separated from the respectivecenterline by a distance D_(F), the side portions are separated from therespective centerline by a distance D_(L), and the ratio D_(F)/D_(L) isgreater than 1.1. Alternately, the difference D_(F)-D_(L) can bemaintained greater than 4 cm. By recessing the legs with respect to thefeet, there is a reduced chance that an impacting vehicle will snag onthe legs in a lateral impact. In this way, any tendency for theimpacting vehicle to be decelerated in an uncontrolled manner isreduced.

Preferably, each leg assembly supports a removable guide on thecenterline. This guide includes a first pair of spaced plates facing thecenterline on one side of the centerline, and a second pair of spacedplates facing the centerline on the other side of the centerline. Thisguide cooperates with the guide rail described above to provide rigidityin the crash cushion in a lateral impact.

According to a third aspect of this invention, a fender panel for ahighway crash cushion as described above includes a trailing edge, aleading edge, and a side edge. The trailing edge is tapered such thatthe first and second portions of the trailing edge are separated from areference line transverse to the side edge by lengths L₁ and L₂,respectively. The length L₁ is greater is than the length L₂ by at least10 cm. Preferably, the fender panel defines a plurality of ridgesextending generally parallel to the side edge, and the first portion ofthe trailing edge is positioned in a groove of the fender panel betweenadjacent ones of the ridges. The tapered trailing edge has been found toreduce the tendency of an impacting vehicle to snag on the fender panelwhen the impacting vehicle approaches the fender panel from thedirection of the trailing edge.

According to a fourth aspect of this invention, a fender panel for ahighway crash cushion as described above comprises four parallel ridgesseparated by three parallel grooves. The grooves comprise a centralgroove and two lateral grooves. The central groove forms a slotextending parallel to the ridges, and the slot extends over a length ofat least one half the length of the fender panel. The grooves each havea respective width transverse to the slot, and the central groove widthis greater than each of the lateral groove widths. In use, a fastenerpasses through the slot and is secured to the crash cushion to allow thefender panel to slide relative to the fastener. This arrangement hasbeen found to provide increased strength to the fender panel withrespect to bending, flattening out, and tear-out, and increased pull-outresistance to the fastener.

According to a fifth aspect of this invention, a highway crash cushionenergy absorbing element is provided with an indicator movably mountedon the energy absorbing element to move between first and secondpositions. This indicator is visible outside of the energy absorbingelement in at least the second position. A retainer is coupled to theenergy absorbing element to retain the indicator in the first positionprior to distortion of the energy absorbing element. The retainer ispositioned and configured such that distortion of the energy absorbingelement by more than a selected amount releases the indicator from theretainer. In the preferred embodiment described below, a spring iscoupled to the indicator to bias the indicator to the second position,and the energy absorbing element includes a housing that forms a zone ofincreased compressibility in the region between the mounting locationfor the indicator and the mounting location for the retainer.

In use, a maintenance inspector can readily determine remotely whetheran individual energy absorbing element has been deformed (as for examplein a low speed collision). Such deformation releases the indicator fromthe retainer and allows the indicator to move to the second position,where it can readily be seen.

The invention itself, together with further objects and advantages, willbest be understood by reference to the following detailed description,taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a highway crash cushion whichincorporates a presently preferred embodiment in the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a top view of a segment of the guide rail of the embodiment ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a side elevational view taken along line 3—3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an end view taken along line 4—4 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is an end perspective view of the guide rail segment of FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of a diaphragm assembly included inthe embodiment of FIG. 1, showing the relationship between the diaphragmassembly and the guide rail.

FIG. 7 is a side view of the diaphragm assembly of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of one of the fender panels of theembodiment of FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a plan view of a metal plate from which the fender panel ofFIG. 8 is formed.

FIG. 10 is a an exploded perspective view of one of the energy absorbingelements of the embodiment of FIG. 1.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing the indicator of FIG. 10 in araised position.

FIG. 12 is a cross sectional cross-sectional view taken along line 12—12of FIG. 11.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of ahighway crash cushion 10 that incorporates a presently preferredembodiment of this invention. The crash cushion 10 is mounted to slideaxially along a guide rail 12. The crash cushion 10 includes an array ofspaced, parallel diaphragm assemblies 14. Fender panels 16 are securedbetween adjacent diaphragm assemblies 14, and the fender panels 16 andthe diaphragm assemblies 14 form an array of enclosed bays. An energyabsorbing element 22 is disposed within each of the bays, between anadjacent pair of diaphragm assemblies 14. A nose fender 24 extendsaround the forwardmost energy absorbing element 22.

The following discussion will take up each of the major components ofthe crash cushion 10.

The Guide Rail

FIGS. 2-5 show various views of a portion of the guide rail 12. In thisembodiment, the guide rail 12 is made up of two or more segments 26.Each of the segments 26 includes an upper plate 28 and two side plates30. The upper plate 28 forms two opposed, horizontally extending flanges29. The side plates 30 are secured to a series of lower plates 32. Eachof the lower plates 32 defines at least two openings 34 sized to receivea respective ground anchor (not shown in FIGS. 2-5). Bracing plates 36are secured between the side plates 30 and the lower plates 32 toprovide additional rigidity.

As shown in FIG. 4, one end of the segment 26 defines a central recess38 which in this embodiment is generally rectangular in shape. As shownin FIGS. 2, 3, and 5, the other end of the segment 26 defines a centralprotrusion 40. The central protrusion 40 is generally rectangular inshape, but it defines a sloping lower surface 42. In this embodiment thecentral protrusion 40 is welded in position in the rearward end of thesegment 26.

Depending upon the application, the crash cushion 10 can have a varyingnumber of diaphragm assemblies 14. In the example shown in FIG. 1, thereare five separate diaphragm assemblies 14, and the guide rail 12 is madeup of two segments 26. The central protrusion 40 of the forward segmentfits into the central recess 38 of the rearward segment to maintainalignment of the two segments 26.

Simply by way of example, and without intending any limitation, thefollowing exemplary dimensions have been found suitable. The upper plate28 can be formed of steel plate 10 cm in width and 1.3 cm in thickness.The side plates 30 can be formed of flat bar 7.6 cm in height and 0.95cm in thickness. The lower plates 32 can be 13 cm in thickness. A hotrolled steel such as ASTM A-36 or AISM 1020 has been found suitable, andstandard welding techniques are used to secure the various componentstogether.

The segments 26 are shorter and therefore more easily transported andinstalled than a one-piece guide rail. Furthermore, in the event ofdamage, only the damaged segment 26 must be replaced, and maintenancecosts are thereby reduced. The sloping lower surface 42 of the centralprotrusion 40 and the slots in the lower plate 32 near the centralprotrusion 40 allow the damaged segment 26 to be removed by lifting upthe end forming the central recess 38.

By providing three separate segments, having lengths appropriate for onebay, two bays, and three bays, respectively, crash cushions of varyinglengths between one bay and twelve bays can readily be assembled.

The Diaphragm Assemblies

FIGS. 6 and 7 show front and side views, respectively, of a diaphragmassembly 14. Each diaphragm assembly 14 includes an upper part 44 and alower part 46. The upper part 44 forms a diaphragm, and includes acentral panel 48, which in this embodiment is a ridged metal plate,identical in cross section to the fender panels described below. Thepanel 48 is rigidly secured at each end to a respective metal plate 50.Support brackets 52 can be secured to the lower edge of the panel 48 tosupport the energy absorbing elements. Alignment brackets 54 can besecured to the panel 48 to locate the energy absorbing elementslaterally in the bay.

The lower part 46 of the diaphragm assembly 14 includes a leg assembly56. The leg assembly 56 in this embodiment includes tworectangular-section legs 58 which are rigidly secured to the upperportion 44, as for example by welding. The leg assembly 56 forms anupper portion 60 that is secured to the diaphragm of the diaphragmassembly 14, two side portions 62, and a lower portion 64. The sideportions 62 are symmetrically positioned with respect to a centerline 66that is vertically oriented in this embodiment.

Each of the legs 58 supports a respective foot 68. The feet 68 extenddownwardly and outwardly from the lower portion 64 of the legs 58. Eachof the feet 68 terminates in a lower plate 70 and a pair of side plates72. The lower plate 70 is shaped to support the diaphragm assembly 14 ona support surface S, and to slide freely along the support surface S.This support surface S can be formed for example by a concrete pad. Theside plates 72 form ramps extending upwardly from the lower plate 72 tothe foot 68. These ramps reduce snagging of the tire or wheel of animpacting vehicle on the lowermost portion of the foot 68.

In FIG. 6 the reference symbol D_(F) is used to designate the distanceof the outermost edge of the foot from the centerline and referencesymbol D_(L) is used to designate the distance of the outermost portionof the side portion 62 from the centerline 66.

As shown in FIG. 6 and 7, the legs 58 are recessed with respect both tothe feet 68 and the panel 48. This way, any tendency of the wheel ortire of a vehicle moving along the fender panels to snag on the legs 58is substantially reduced. The ratio D_(F)/D_(L) is greater than 1.1,preferably greater than 1.4, and most preferably greater than 1.8. Inthis way, the legs 58 are substantially recessed. Similarly, thedifference between D_(F)/D_(L), is greater than 4 cm, preferably greaterthan 8 cm, and most preferably greater than 12 cm to obtain thisadvantage. In this preferred embodiment the ratio D_(F)/D_(L) is 1.85and the difference D_(F)-D_(L) is 14.8 cm.

As shown in FIG. 6, two guides 74 are removably secured between the legs58, as for example by fasteners 76. Each of the guides 74 includes arespective pair of spaced, horizontal plates 78, 80 facing thecenterline 66. The plates 78, 80 receive the flanges 29 therebetween,with the upper plates 78 resting on the upper surface of the flanges 29and the lower plates 80 positioned to engage the lower surface of theflanges 29.

During operation, the weight of the diaphragm assemblies 14 is supportedby the feet 68 and the plates 78. The plates 80 prevent the diaphragmassemblies 14 from moving upwardly with respect to the guide rail 12 inan impact.

Because the guides 74 are held in place in the diaphragm assembly 14 byremovable fasteners 76, the guides 74 can be replaced if damaged in animpact without removing the diaphragm assemblies 14.

As the crash cushion 10 collapses in an axial impact, the diaphragmassemblies 14 slide down the guide rail 12, while the guide rail 12prevents substantially all lateral movement of the crash cushion 10.Preferably, the guides 74 have a substantial length, and can for examplebe 20 cm in length and approximately 1.3 cm in thickness. A hot rolledsteel such as ASTM-36 or AISM 1020 has been found suitable. The lengthof the guides 74 reduces any tendency of the diaphragm assemblies 14 torock and bind to the guide rail 12 in an axial collapse, therebyinsuring a stable, consistent axial collapse of the crash cushion.Because the lower plates 80 engage the underside of the flanges 29,overturning of the crash cushion 10 is prevented. The upper plates 78 ofthe guides 74 maintain the diaphragm assemblies 14 at the proper heightrelative to the guide rail 12, in spite of irregularities in the supportsurface S. The guide rail 12 and the guide 74 provide lateral restraintguided collapse, and resistance to overturning throughout the entireaxial stroke of the collapsing crash cushion 10.

Furthermore, in the event of a side impact against the fender panels 16,the guides 74 tend to lock against the guide rail 12 as they are movedby the impacting vehicle into a position oblique to the guide rail 12.This locking action provides further lateral rigidity to the crashcushion 10 in a lateral impact.

The wide separation between the feet 68 increases stability of the crashcushion 10 and resistance to overturning in a lateral impact.

The Fender Panels

Turning now to FIGS. 8 and 9, the fender panels 16 have been improved toprovide increased rigidity and improved operation to the crash cushion10. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view through one of the fender panels16. As shown in FIG. 8, the fender panel 16 includes four parallelridges 82 and three parallel grooves. These grooves are not identical toone another, and the central groove 84 is in this embodiment wider thanthe lateral grooves 86. The groves 84, 86 define lower-most portionsthat are co-planar, and the ridges 82 are uniform in height.

Because the fender panel 16 includes four ridges 82 instead of theconventional three, it is symmetrical about the central groove 84. Thisallows the longitudinally extending slot 88 to be positioned on the flatportion of the central groove 84. It has been discovered that for afender panel of the same height, material and thickness as in a priorart thrie beam, the improved geometry discussed above increases thesection modulus and the tensile strength of the panel, by approximately20% for the section modulus, and approximately 15% for the tensile crosssection. Furthermore, by having three grooves rather than two as in theprior art thrie panel, an additional fastener can be used to secure thefender panel 16 to the adjacent diaphragm assembly 14, therebyincreasing tear out strength by 50%.

Simply by way of example, preferred dimensions for the fender panel 16are listed in the attached Table 1. In this embodiment, the fender panelcan be formed of a 10 gauge, cold rolled steel such as that identifiedas alloy ASTM-A-570, grade 50. This material has a yield strength of50,000 psi.

TABLE 1 Reference Symbol from Dimension (mm unless FIG. 8 otherwiseindicated) a 109  b 145  c 83 d 42 e 80 f 43 g 128  h 166  i  44* R₁ 15R₂  6

FIG. 9 shows a fender panel metal plate 90 in plan view, prior toformation of the ridges 82 and grooves 84, 86. This metal plate 90defines a longitudinal slot 88 and three attachment apertures 92. Themetal plate defines a leading edge 94, a trailing edge 96 and two sideedges 93. In the following discussion the leading edge 94 will beconsidered to define a reference line that is perpendicular to the sideedges 98. In alternate embodiments it is not required that the leadingedge 94 be shaped in this manner. The apertures 92 are used to fastenthe fender panel to a forward diaphragm assembly 14, and the slot 88 isused to fasten the fender panel to a rearward diaphragm assembly 14. Theslot 88 extends over more than one-half the length of the plate 90.

As shown in FIG. 9, the trailing edge 96 is tapered, and it includes afirst portion 100 and a second portion 102. In this embodiment thetrailing edge 96 is symmetrical, and the first portion 100 is alignedwith the slot 88, while the second portion 102 is formed in two parts,one adjacent each of the side edges 98. The symbol L₁ is used for theseparation between the first portion 100 and the leading edge 94, andthe symbol L₂ is used for the separation between the second portion 102and the leading edge 94. In this embodiment the difference L₁ minus L₂is greater than or equal to 10 cm. Preferably this difference is greaterthan 20 cm, and most preferably it is greater than 30 cm. In thisembodiment L₁ equals 131 cm, L₂ equals 98 cm and L₁-L₂ equals 33 cm. Theslot 88 can be 85 cm in length. As shown in FIG. 1, the first portion100 of a given fender panel 16 is disposed in the central groove 84 ofthe fender panel 16 that is adjacent to the rear.

It has been discovered that this arrangement reduces vehicle snagging ina wrong-way impact, where the impacting vehicle slides along the side ofthe crash cushion 10, approaching the fender panels 16 such that thetrailing edges 96 make initial fender panel contact with the vehicle(from left to right with respect to the side of the crash cushion 10shown in FIG. 1). Because the first portions 100 are disposed in thecentral grooves 84, they are somewhat recessed and less likely to snagthe vehicle. The trailing edge 96 is tapered, sloping upwardly on theupper portion of the trailing edge and downwardly on the lower portionof the trailing edge. This tapered arrangement for the trailing edge hasbeen found to reduce vehicle snagging. When the vehicle sheet metalbegins to tear as it slides longitudinally down one side of the crashcushion 10, the vehicle sheet metal encounters an upward or downwardlysloping portion of the trailing edge 96. This causes the tearing actionto cease. Snagging of the vehicle tends to be self-releasing, and not tobecome progressively worse as the vehicle proceeds down the crashcushion 10 in a wrong-way impact.

Though the trailing edge 96 discussed above is symmetrical about thecenterline of the fender panel 16, this is not required in allembodiments. If desired, various asymmetrical arrangements can be used.Also, if desired the fender panel can define multiple first portions,each disposed in a respective groove, and each separated by asubstantially constant distance from the reference line.

As shown in FIG. 1, the rearward portion of the fender panel 16 issecured to the rearward adjacent diaphragm by a fastener 104, whichincludes a plate 106. This plate 106 has sides shaped to conform to theadjacent ridges 82, and forward and rearward edges that are bevelled toreduce vehicle snagging. The plate 106 is relatively large, and can forexample be 25 cm in length, and can define a lug extending downwardlyinto the respective slot 88. This arrangement provides a system in whichthe fender panels telescope smoothly against one another in an axialcollapse, and in which pull out of the fastener 104 is substantiallyprevented.

The improved geometry of the fender panel 16 is not restricted to usewith highway crash cushions, but can be used with a variety of otherroadside barriers, including guard rails. In some of these applicationsthe slot 88 may not be required.

The Energy Absorbing Element

FIG. 10 shows an exploded view of one of the energy absorbing elements22. This energy absorbing element 22 includes an outer housing 108 thatis formed in two parts that meet at a horizontally oriented seam 110.The housing defines front and rear surfaces 112, 114 that are positionedagainst the adjacent diaphragm assemblies 14. Each housing 108 alsodefines a respective top surface 116. The top surface 116 defines a zoneof increased compressibility 118 that in this embodiment defines anarray of parallel pleats or corrugations 120. These corrugations 120extend generally parallel to the front and rear surfaces 112, 114. Thezone of increased compressibility 118 ensures that in the event thehousing 108 is compressed axially between the front and rear surfaces112, 114, this compression is initially localized in the zone 118.Simply by way of example, the housing 108 can have a length, height andwidth of about 82, 57, and 55 cm, and the zone 118 can have a width ofabout 11 cm.

The housing 108 can be molded of any suitable material, such as linear,low-density polyethylene having an ultraviolet inhibitor for example.The housing 108 can contain any suitable energy absorbing components109, and this invention is not limited to any specific choice for thesecomponents 149. For example, the energy absorbing components can beformed as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,484, using a paper honeycombmaterial (5 cm cell diameter and 5 cm layer thickness) and apolyurethane foam. Alternately, the energy absorbing elements 109 can beformed as four metal honeycomb elements 111, each 17.8 cm thick, with acell diameter of 3.8 cm. The elements are preferably formed of lowcarbon, fully annealed steel sheets (0.45 mm thick in one element and0.71 mm thick in the other three). In the embodiment described here, theforward energy absorbing elements use the paper honeycomb material andthe rearward energy absorbing elements use the steel material, both asdescribed above. If desired, the brackets 52, 54 can be deleted andreplaced with brackets (not shown) on the panels 48 that support thehousing 108 at the lower, protruding edge of the upper part of thehousing, adjacent the seam 110.

FIGS. 11 and 12 show two views of an indicator 122 that is mounted onthe top surface 116 of the energy absorbing element. This indicator 22includes a plate 124 that has an outer surface. This outer surface canfor example be covered with a reflective material. The plate 124 ismounted for pivotal movement by a mounting 126 on a first side of thezone 118. The indicator 122 includes a lip 128 on the opposite end ofthe plate 124. A retainer 130 is mounted to the top surface 116 on theopposite side of the zone 118. As best shown in FIG. 12, the indicator122 is pivotally movable between a first position in which the plate 124is alongside and recessed into the top surface 116, and a secondposition in which the plate 124 is pivoted upwardly and outwardly to aposition substantially perpendicular to the top surface 116. The firstand second positions can each correspond to a range of positions. In thesecond position the plate 124 is clearly visible from outside the energyabsorbing element 122. A spring 132 biases the indicator 122 to thesecond, more visible position.

As shown in FIG. 12, the indicator 122 is initially installed in thefirst or lower position. In this position the retainer 130 overlaps thelip 128 by a selected distance, which can correspond to a range ofdistances. In this embodiment, the selected distance is about 1 to 2 cm.The indicator 122 is mounted to the housing 108 at a first location, andthe retainer 130 is mounted to the housing at a second location.

In the event that the housing 108 is distorted even temporarily in a lowspeed event such that the first and second locations approach oneanother by more than the selected distance of overlap between the lip128 and the retainer 130, then the indicator 128 moves out of engagementwith the retainer 130, and the spring 132 moves the indicator 122 to theupper position shown in FIG. 11.

A maintenance inspector can readily determine if any of the energyabsorbing elements 22 has been compressed excessively simply by lookingfor indicators 122 in the extended position. This can be done at aconsiderable distance, and does not require close inspection.

Of course, many alternatives to the indicator 122 are possible. Forexample, the spring does not have to be a separate element, and thedesired biasing force can be obtained by bending of the indicator 122itself. Furthermore, the zone of increased compressibility can be formedwith many geometries, and corrugations are not always required. Ifdesired, the retainer 130 can engage the indicator 122 along the siderather than the end of the indicator 122. Furthermore, the indicator canmove between the first and second positions with translational ratherthan pivoting movements.

Conclusion

From the foregoing detailed description it should be apparent that animproved crash cushion has been described. The central guide railreduces vehicle snagging and simplifies installation while providingexcellent rigidity against lateral movement and controlled axialcollapse. The improved diaphragm assembly utilizes recessed legs thatagain reduce vehicle snagging. These assemblies are rigid, and aredesigned to lock against the guide rail in a lateral impact. Theimproved fender panels are stronger, with an improved cross-sectionalshape that increases pull out resistance and enhances a controlled axialcollapse. The tapered trailing edge further reduces vehicle snagging ina wrong-way collision. The energy absorbing element indicator indicatesremotely to a maintenance inspector that the element has been compressedand possibly damaged, and is therefore in need of replacement.

Of course, it should be understood that a wide range of changes andmodifications can be made to the preferred embodiment described above.It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description beconsidered as illustrative and not as limiting. It is the followingclaims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the scopeof this invention.

1. In a highway crash cushion of the type comprising an array of diaphragms, a plurality of energy absorbing elements disposed between the diaphragms, and an array of fender panels extending alongside the diaphragms, the improvement comprising: a single rail disposed under the crash cushion and anchored to a support surface; a plurality of guides, each coupled to a respective one of the diaphragms and substantially centered with respect to the respective diaphragm; said guides mounted on the rail to slide along the rail and to restrict movement of the respective diaphragms with respect to the rail in both lateral directions; said rail substantially centered with respect to the diaphragms; at least some of the diaphragms each coupled to a respective leg assembly extending beneath the respective diaphragm on both sides of the rail to support the diaphragm on a support surface.
 2. The invention of claim 1 wherein the rail comprises a plurality of interconnected rail segments.
 3. The invention of claim 1 wherein the rail comprises first and second flanges, and wherein the guides extend under the flanges to prevent excessive upward movement of the diaphragms with respect to the rail.
 4. The invention of claim 1 further comprising: a plurality of leg assemblies, each leg assembly comprising an upper portion mounted to a respective one of the diaphragms, a lower portion, two side portions, and a centerline extending between the side portions; each said lower portion connected to two feet shaped to support the respective leg on a support surface; said feet extending outwardly from the respective leg assembly, away from the centerline, such that the feet are separated from the respective centerline by a maximum distance D_(F), the side portions are separated from the respective centerline by a maximum distance D_(L), and the ratio D_(F)/D_(L) is greater than 1.1.
 5. The invention of claim 4 wherein the ratio D_(F)/D_(L) is greater than 1.4.
 6. The invention of claim 4 wherein the ratio D_(F)/D_(L) is greater than 1.8.
 7. The invention of claim 1 further comprising: a plurality of leg assemblies, each leg assembly comprising an upper portion mounted to a respective one of the diaphragms, a lower portion, two side portions, and a centerline extending between the side portions; each said lower portion connected to two feet shaped to support the respective leg on a support surface; said feet extending outwardly from the respective leg assembly, away from the centerline, such that the feet are separated from the respective centerline by a maximum distance D_(F), the side pardons are separated from the respective centerline by a maximum distance D_(L), and the difference D_(F)-D_(L) is greater than 4 cm.
 8. The invention of claim 7 wherein the difference D_(F)-D_(L) is greater than 8 cm.
 9. The invention of claim 7 wherein the difference D_(F)-D_(L) is greater than 12 cm.
 10. The invention of 4 or 7 wherein each foot angles downwardly and outwardly from the respective leg assembly.
 11. The invention of claim 4 or 7 wherein each foot comprises a side plate adjacent a lower portion of the respective foot, each side plate extending outwardly and downwardly from the respective foot to create a ramp extending transversely to the respective diaphragm.
 12. The invention of claim 4 or 7 wherein each leg assembly comprises a respective one of the guides centered on the centerline, each said guide comprising a first pair of spaced plates facing the centerline on one side of the centerline and a second pair of spaced plates facing the centerline on the other side of the centerline.
 13. The invention of claim 1 wherein each leg assembly extends on both sides of the rail such that the leg assembly extends laterally outwardly of all of the respective guide and laterally outwardly of all of the rail.
 14. The invention of claim 1 wherein each leg assembly comprises two legs, each leg extending on a respective side of the rail such that the legs extend laterally farther from a centerline aligned with the rail than both the guides and the rail.
 15. The invention of claim 1 wherein each leg assembly comprises two legs arranged such that all of the rail and the respective guide are disposed between the legs.
 16. The invention of claim 1 wherein at least a forward portion of the crash cushion is freestanding.
 17. In a highway crash cushion of the type comprising an array of diaphragms, a plurality of energy absorbing elements disposed between the diaphragms, and an array of fender panels extending alongside the diaphragms, the improvement comprising: a single rail disposed under the crash cushion and anchored to a support surface; a plurality of guides, each coupled to a respective one of the diaphragms and substantially centered with respect to the respective diaphragm; said guides mounted on the rail to slide along the rail and to restrict movement of the respective diaphragms with respect to the rail in both lateral directions; said rail substantially centered with respect to the diaphragms; wherein the rail comprises a plurality of interconnected rail segments; wherein each rail segment forms a central protrusion at one end and a central recess at the other end, and wherein the protrusion of one rail segment is received within the recess of an adjacent rail segment.
 18. In a highway crash cushion of the type comprising an array of diaphragms and a plurality of energy absorbing elements disposed between the diaphragms the improvement comprising: a single rail disposed under the crash cushion and anchored to a support surface; a plurality of guides, each coupled to a respective one of the diaphragms and substantially centered with respect to the respective diaphragm; the guides mounted on the rail to slide along the rail and to restrict movement of the respective diaphragms with respect to the rail in both lateral directions; the rail substantially centered with respect to the diaphragms; at least some of the diaphragms each coupled to a respective leg assembly extending beneath the respective diaphragm on both sides of the rail to support the diaphragm on the support surface.
 19. In a highway crash cushion of the type comprising a diaphragm and at least one energy absorbing element disposed adjacent the diaphragm, the improvement comprising: a support structure comprising a single rail assembly disposed under the crash cushion and comprising a first end and a second end, the support structure being anchored to a support surface between the first and second ends and being substantially centered with respect to the diaphragm, a guide coupled to the diaphragm and substantially centered with respect to the diaphragm, the guide mounted to slide along the support structure and to restrict movement of the diaphragm with respect to the support structure in at least one lateral direction, the diaphragm coupled to a leg assembly extending beneath the diaphragm on both sides of the rail assembly to support the diaphragm on the support surface.
 20. In a highway crash cushion of the type comprising a diaphragm and at least one energy absorbing element disposed adjacent the diaphragm, the improvement comprising: a support structure comprising a single rail assembly disposed under crash cushion and anchored to a support surface, said single rail assembly substantially centered with respect to the diaphragm, a guide coupled to the diaphragm and substantially centered with respect to the diaphragm, the guide mounted to slide along the support structure and to restrict movement of the diaphragm with respect to the support structure in at least one lateral direction, the guide mounted to slide along the support structure without extending below a lower surface of the support structure, the diaphragm coupled to a leg assembly extending beneath the diaphragm on both sides of said rail assembly to support the diaphragm on the support surface.
 21. The invention of claim 19 wherein the guide is mounted to slide along the support structure without extending below a lower surface of the support structure.
 22. The invention of claim 19 wherein the guide is mounted to slide along the support structure and to allow contact between a lower surface of the support structure and the support surface.
 23. The invention of claim 20 wherein the guide is mounted to slide along the support structure and to allow contact between the lower surface of the support structure and the support surface.
 24. The invention of claim 20 wherein the support structure comprises a first end and a second end and is anchored to the support surface between the first and second ends.
 25. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the support structure is anchored to the support surface under the crash cushion.
 26. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the support structure is anchored to the support surface under the diaphragm or the at least one energy absorbing element.
 27. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the support structure is anchored to the support surface at a first location and wherein the diaphragm moves past the first location during collapse of the crash cushion.
 28. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the support structure comprises a plurality of axially aligned, releasably interconnected support structure segments.
 29. The invention of claim 28 wherein at least one support structure segment forms a recess at one end, the recess adapted to receive a protrusion extending outwardly from an adjacent support structure segment.
 30. The invention of claim 29 wherein the protrusion extending outwardly from the adjacent support structure segment is formed in the adjacent support structure segment.
 31. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the guide and the leg assembly provide resistance to overturning in the at least one lateral direction.
 32. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the guide is mounted to restrict movement of the diaphragm with respect to the support structure in both lateral directions.
 33. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the support structure comprises first and second flanges, and wherein the guide extends under the flanges to prevent excessive upward movement of the diaphragm with respect to the support structure.
 34. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the leg assembly extends on both sides of the support structure such that the leg assembly extends laterally outwardly of all of the guide and laterally outwardly of all of the support structure.
 35. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the leg assembly comprises two leas, each leg extending on a respective side of the support structure such that the leas extend laterally farther from a centerline aligned with the support structure than both the guide and the support structure.
 36. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the leg assembly comprises two legs arranged such that all of the support structure and the guide are disposed between the legs.
 37. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein at least a forward portion of the crash cushion is freestanding.
 38. The invention of claim 19 or 20 further comprising an additional diaphragm and an additional energy absorbing element disposed between the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm.
 39. The invention of claim 38 further comprising a fender panel extending alongside the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm.
 40. The invention of claim 38 further comprising an additional guide coupled to the additional diaphragm, wherein the additional guide is mounted to slide along the support structure and to restrict movement of the additional diaphragm with respect to the support structure in at least one lateral direction.
 41. The invention of claim 40 wherein the additional guide is mounted to restrict movement of the additional diaphragm with respect to the support structure in both lateral directions.
 42. The invention of claim 38 wherein the sport structure is anchored to the support surface between the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm.
 43. The invention of claim 19 or 20 further comprising an additional diaphragm and an additional energy absorbing element disposed between the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm, wherein the additional diaphragm is coupled to an additional leg assembly extending beneath the additional diaphragm on at least one side outboard of the support structure to support the additional diaphragm on the support surface.
 44. The invention of claim 19 or 20 further comprising an additional diaphragm and an additional energy absorbing element disposed between the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm, wherein the additional diaphragm is coupled to an additional leg assembly extending beneath the additional diaphragm on both sides outboard of the support structure to support the additional diaphragm on the support surface.
 45. The invention of claim 19 or 20 further comprising: an additional diaphragm; an additional energy absorbing element disposed between the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm; an additional leg assembly, the additional leg assembly and the first-mentioned leg assembly each comprising an upper portion mounted to a respective one of the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm a lower portion two side portions and a centerline extending between the side portions; each said lower portion connected to two feet shoed to support the respective lea assembly on the support surface; the feet extending outwards from the respective leg assembly, away from the centerline such that the feet are separated from the respective centerline by a maximum distance D _(F) , the side portions are separated from the respective centerline by a maximum distance D _(L) , and the ratio D _(F) /D _(L) , is greater than 1.1.
 46. The invention of claim 45 wherein the ratio D_(F) /D _(L) is greater than 1.4.
 47. The invention of claim 45 wherein the ratio D_(F) /D _(L) is greater than 1.8.
 48. The invention of claim 45 wherein each foot angles downwardly and outwardly from the respective leg assembly.
 49. The invention of claim 45 wherein each foot comprises a side plate adjacent a lower portion of the respective foot each side plate extending outwardly and downwardly from the respective foot to create a ramp extending transversely to the respective one of the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm.
 50. The invention of claim 45 wherein the first-mentioned leg assembly comprises the guide and wherein the additional leg assembly comprises an additional guide, the guide and additional guide each centered on the centerline and comprising a first pair of spaced plates facing the centerline on one side of the centerline and a second pair of spaced plates facing the centerline on the other side of the centerline.
 51. The invention of claim 19 or 20 further comprising: an additional diaphragm, an additional energy absorbing element disposed between the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm, an additional leg assembly, the additional leg assembly and the first-mentioned leg assembly each comprising an upper portion mounted to a respective one of the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm, a lower portion, two side portions and a centerline extending) between the side portions, each said lower portion connected to two feet shaped to support the respective leg assembly on the support surface, the feet extending outwardly from the respective leg assembly, away from the centerline, such that the feet are separated from the respective centerline by a maximum distance D _(F) the side portions are separated from the respective centerline by a maximum distance D _(L) , and the difference D _(F) -D _(L) is greater than 4 cm.
 52. The invention of claim 51 wherein the difference D_(F) -D _(L) is greater than 8 cm.
 53. The invention of claim 51 wherein the difference D_(F) -D _(L) is greater than 12 cm.
 54. The invention of claim 51 wherein each foot angles downwardly and outwardly from the respective leg assembly.
 55. The invention of claim 51 wherein each foot comprises a side plate adjacent a lower portion of the respective foot each side plate extending outwardly and downwardly from the respective foot to create a ramp extending transversely to the respective one of the additional diaphragm and the first-mentioned diaphragm.
 56. The invention of claim 51 wherein the first-mentioned leg assembly comprises the guide and wherein the additional leg assembly comprises an additional guide, the guide and additional guide each centered on the centerline and comprising a first pair of spaced plates facing the centerline on one side of the centerline and a second pair of spaced plates facing the centerline on the other side of the centerline.
 57. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the support structure comprises at least three axially aligned, releasably interconnected support structure segments wherein the support structure is anchored to the support surface near a first end of the support structure, near a second end of the support structure, and intermediate the first and second ends of the support structure.
 58. The invention of claim 19 or 20 further comprising an additional element the energy absorbing element being disposed between the diaphragm and the additional element.
 59. The invention of claim 58 further comprising a fender panel extending alongside the diaphragm and the additional element.
 60. The invention of claim 19 or 20 wherein the rail assembly comprises first and second laterally separated elements positioned to restrict upward movement of the guide said elements extending long an axial direction defined by the rail assembly.
 61. The invention of claim 60 wherein the guide comprises first and second guide elements positioned below the first and second rail assembly elements, respectively.
 62. The invention of claim 60 wherein the first and second rail assembly elements comprise respective downwardly-facing surfaces.
 63. The invention of claim 60 wherein the first and second elements comprise respective horizontally-extending flanges. 